What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] membership. An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. /Annots [34 0 R] A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C /ExtGState << >> Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. << /Group << /LastChar 116 The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /Contents 44 0 R [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. /Creator (alibabadownload.com) >> [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. /F3 23 0 R What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? Gordon Pennycook . Nathaniel . /Type /Group /Resources << -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. /Parent 2 0 R /Resources << 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. << How does a "cognitive miser" reason? With efficiency as the key consideration in decision making, the cognitive miser uses mental shortcuts in appraising decision problems. What is social loafing? How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /FontDescriptor 364 0 R variability, when the category is. -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" /Font << This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. /Parent 2 0 R /Contents 36 0 R 260 0 R 261 0 R] >> makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. Activated actor c. Cognitive miser d. Motivated tactician 11. /ExtGState << Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. /F2 22 0 R endobj Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. /Font << -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. Contents. /F4 24 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 /Subtype /TrueType /Type /Font [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') /Type /StructElem Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. /F4 24 0 R >> Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser /ToUnicode 367 0 R 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? traits associated with the stereotype. [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. /Resources << -A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought. << /LastChar 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] 5*#H-B^]gOh #xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? /Subtype /Type1 -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. /Contents 38 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB Jonathan A. . -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives Olivier . 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 /Group << what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. /F1 21 0 R [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. /Encoding /Identity-H 6,000 & 7,000 \\ -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) Please sign in to share these flashcards. The cognitive miser theory is an . /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 by Emma2201, 6 0 obj Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. /GS7 27 0 R /Tabs /S Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. What is conformity? /Type /Page /Widths [278] These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. What is situated social cognition? What percentage of participants administered at least some shocks? partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. What is deindividuation? -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. >> endobj << >> [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. >> > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. >> /GS8 28 0 R De Neys . >> 27 0 obj >> -Out group: (them) /GS7 27 0 R 7 0 obj << /StructParents 7 ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. Rationality and the reflective mind . [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. Houd . /F1 21 0 R But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? /Font << /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? 13 0 obj /ExtGState << /F1 21 0 R What are its consequences? -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue >> -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. >> endobj -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people /LastChar 239 /GS8 28 0 R Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. 3,000 & 10,000 \\ /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB /GS8 28 0 R The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. %PDF-1.5 What is social comparison theory? 11 [312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. How did Asch study conformity? /Dialogsheet /Part First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 /S /Transparency Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. /F1 21 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R [>>>] endobj Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one >> -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 What are the major forms of household income? The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. 26 0 obj What is culture? /Count 13 Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /F1 21 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. << Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. . /Contents 45 0 R (1950s) a. /Type /Font [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. Explain the significance of /BaseFont /Times-Roman How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? /Type /Group [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. /StructParents 6 /MarkInfo << Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way.
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