The cost of duct insulation varies greatly depending on a number of factors including the type and thickness of the insulation, the ease of access to your ducts and Unlike traditional insulation materials,radiant barriersare highly reflective materials that re-emit radiant heat rather than absorbing it, reducing cooling loads. In addition, insulation that fills building cavities reduces airflow or leakage and saves energy. All you need is a tape measure and a few minutes. Temperature Drop Calculator for Hydronic Piping. The R-value depends on the type of insulation, its thickness, and its density. The narrower the straw, the more resistance (friction) there is, and the harder it is to blow air through it. Accurately mark out and fabricate a 90 degree radius bend. Calculated results are given over a range of insulation types and thicknesses and include; 1) surface temperature, 2) heat flow, 3) annual cost of fuel, 4) Shop-Artikel an!! The default To calculate the TEL of your duct simply add up the length of all straight sections of ductwork and multiply by 2. Energy efficiency has become the highest priority for everyone involved in construction or buildingfrom those at the highest level of government to construction professionals working at the ground levelbecause it can alleviate major issues by lessening environmental impact, saving money, and optimizing performance. You can choose 1 of the 4 sizes for your home based on what work best for its layout. Weband ceilings. The form has embedded instructions; hover your cursor over the red triangles to see the help notes. calculators are part of the Mechanical Insulation Education & Awareness Highly reflective foils in radiant barriers and reflective insulation systems reflect radiant heat away from living spaces, making them particularly useful in cooling climates. The middle of the attic might be finished space with knee walls and unoccupied eave space left for HVAC equipment and ducts. So, lets do an example. WebHow Do You Calculate Air Velocity in a Pipe? 1 watt is approximately 3.412 BTU per hour. Step 1: Gathering Necessary Information. Temperature difference (31.50/54.36)*(70 0): 40.6F The FIFA world cup 2022 is held in Qatar's air-conditioned stadiums. Whenever exterior siding is removed on an uninsulated wood-frame wall: Whenever exterior siding is removed on aninsulated wood-frame wall: To choose the best insulation for your home from the manytypes of insulationon the market, youll need to knowwhere you want or need to install the insulation, and whatR-valueyou want the installation to achieve. Subscribe to receive updates from Energy Saver, including new blogs, updated content, and seasonal energy saving tips for consumers and homeowners. or application, they are an extremely valuable, easy-to-use tool that can If you dont know your homes square footage, check the blueprints or simply measure each room with a tape measure. However, it can also be done without using any software or a ductulator but manually with the friction loss chart. I still remember that the ductulator is made by Trane. The surface temperatures in Table 6 were calculated using the R-value/temperature gradient method used for the ceiling and eave space cases above. WebTo insulate ducts, we use different kinds of insulations, including duct boards, wraps, lines, and so on. The Manual J Calculation is a sizing method developed by the Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA). Therefore, my duct insulation should be 1 (25mm) thick. Most duct insulations have a K value of 0.24 btu.in/ft 2 /hr/F which is the thermal conductivity of the insulation at 1 thick. If the insulation is 2 thick, divide the K value with the thickness to get the corresponded thermal conductivity. WebCalculate the square footage of your round duct work. The size of your home will directly impact the size of your ductwork. Conduction is the way heat moves through materials, such as when a spoon placed in a hot cup of coffee conducts heat through its handle to your hand. When sizing the ductwork for your home, there are many important factors that you need to consider. The equal friction method determines the duct size by assuming a constant pressure loss per unit length allowed, say, 0.12 w.g. This is why we keep the friction rate at 0.1 in w.c. in our calculator. On the other hand, an oversized duct can cause your HVAC system to work harder than necessary, wasting energy and driving up your utility bills. So, the effective duct size is reduced if you have internal insulations. asked-about benefits and design considerations of mechanical insulation Cavity insulation in a 6 stud wall might be R-21. Instead of using one of the many calculators available online (or ours above) or doing complex calculations yourself, you can use our duct size charts. Wer produziert am billigsten und For rectangular ducts, simply add the width and For example, if v is 15 m/s and the A is 8 square meters, q is 120 cubic By using an air flow through duct calculator, you're multiplying the. The effective cavity R-values represent the combined performance of the stud (or joist or rafter) and the insulation. On average, the cost of replacing ductwork is $15-27 per linear foot. Steel studs have such high thermal conductivity compared to insulation that analysts need a technique to estimate surface temperature at the framing in steel stud frame construction. More rooms will require more ductwork branches and ventilation to maintain comfortable temperatures. Dann legen Sie doch einfach los! any pipe size from inch to 24 inches. WebThe tool helps to calculate the cross-sectional area of the ducts Formula for calculating round duct diameter: D (mm) = 1000 * 2 * (S / 3.14). exterior surfaces. 3. listed on the left, provide users with instantaneous information on a variety WebEastern Sheet Metal Equivalent Round Duct Calculator app allows sheet metal contractors and installers, as well as heating, ventilation and Equivalent Diameter. However, keep in mind that fittings such as elbows and reducers are directly contributing to the total head loss in a ducting system. The R-values in the table apply to heat loss and space temperature calculations. Welche Multi-Media-Gert fr R-value from outdoors to attic: 31.50 There is no loose part or rattling noise. Input length and width of area to be insulated. It looks something like this on Amazon but the Amazon one is way better than mine. Understanding that the temperature profile across an assembly varies in proportion to the R-values of the individual components is a useful tool for predicting the temperature gradient in a wall. He retired (2004) as the Chairman, CEO and President of a large national insulation distributor/fabricator. For SI unit, lets say duct length is 0.3 meter, the duct area of the 1000 x 100 mm rectangular duct is: Duct Area = (Duct Width x Duct Length x 2) + (Duct Height x Duct Length x 2)Duct Area = (1 x 0.3 x 2) + (0.1 x 0.3 x 2)Duct Area = 0.6 + 0.06Duct Area = 0.66 m2. Sie haben Spass am schreiben? 2 to 3 ft. Airflow pressure in ductwork is measured in inches of ____. Webwet insulation; wet undercoil pans; cooling towers; and; evaporative humidifiers. ALL RIGHT RESERVED. You always want to use the most aligned duct sizes because they fit the best for that airflow. This information is usually given on the furnace plate. Viele Fragen und fr alles gibt es hier WebMeasure Airflow With These Two Techniques. Jetzt kann sich jeder Interessent seine angeforderten Leistungen nach und nach in den Warenkorb packen und sich sofort einen Kostenberblick verschaffen The Modified Zone Method for Metal Stud Walls with Insulated Cavities1, 2 provides a workable technique. Calculating temperature profiles can inform designers on where to place insulation within an assembly. - Sei es der notwendige VorOrt-Termin These products provide a high R-value/inch, excellent sound attenuation characteristics and outstanding fire performance. Instructions Line 1. Use our HVAC Duct Sizing Calculator or get in touch with an HVAC professional for help today! 2017 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. But, beware of viruses and malware. Just match the airflow with the duct size. High air velocity reduces duct cost but increases noise level. variables. Wie whle ich das passende Medium? (gpm): 40. If you want to find the most cost-optimized duct sizes without having to go through multiple trials and errors, get my Cost-Optimized Duct Sizing Chart. x A (square feet) x T (degrees F). If you have 1 ton equals 12,000 BTUs. obtained from design documents or field measurements. Like the example of the insulated ceiling cavity, heat loss from supply ducts to the colder eave space will lower supply air temperature to the occupied space. The R-6.88 insulating value of a 26 wood stud is so much less than the R-21 cavity insulation that U-value calculations have to recognize the difference. The output from the calculator will give you up to 4 duct size options to choose from: 1 round size and up to 3 rectangular size options. It will be displayed at the round duct section (white color section) as you rotate the ductulator. on this topic and the calculator please refer to the MIDG, Design ObjectivesProcess The left-diagonal lines on the duct friction loss chart is the size of round ducts in diameter. Mail: 444 Alaska AvenueSuite #AEK092Torrance, CA 90503USAEmail: [emailprotected]. WebHow to Calculate Duct Airflow. Then, you see the bottom part of the ductulator to find the rectangular duct size (green color section). Or, to get a more accurate HVAC system size, you can use the Manual J Calculation. Enter the ambient temperature (the average temperature of the air surrounding That heat flow across the wall (as opposed to through the wall) increases the area of influence or the effective width of the thermal bridge of the steel stud. Insulated Duct or Fluid in an Insulated Pipe Calculators. He is also an Adjunct Teaching Professor in the Architectural Engineering program at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. They will be able to calculate the proper amount of ventilation for your crawl space and add in new vents. Ducts with a duct ratio of more than 1:4 are not efficient due to high friction loss. Multi-Media wird sehr hufig fr Werbeaktionen genutzt, da man sich nicht auf das lesen einen Textes oder dem zuhren eines Audioclips konzentrieren muss, sondern sich Bild und Ton ergnzen. As far as I know, most PE insulated ducts are 3/8 (9mm) thick while some of them are 1/2 (12.5mm) thick. question. The temperature gradient calculation for this construction predicts a temperature of 60F in the eave space on a design day (70F indoors/0F outdoors): With 60F in the eave space on the coldest day, there is no risk of pipes freezing and minimal waste heat loss from the heating system ducts. Sie sind Multi-Media-Profi? Add the amounts of continuous insulation recommended in the table above. Available R-values will vary, Explore why and how you should insulate each room of your house and the best products to use. so wie Sie es von einem Shop gewhnt sind. WebTo determine how much insulation you need for your climate, consult a local insulation contractor. Hence, youll need to use a bigger size duct so that after the internal insulations, the net duct size is in accordance with 0.1 in.wg per 100 ft (0.816 Pa per meter) of friction loss. Das erleichtert Ihren Verkauf enorm! With an additional R-38 insulation in the ceiling joist bays, the assembly U-value (outdoors to occupied space) would drop from 0.024 to 0.014. However, in reality, you most likely will be using 2614 (650x350mm) for 3000 cfm (5100 m3/h) because it is flatter and is able to fit inside the space above the ceiling. An instruction sheet is also provided below. Later, Ill guide you on how to select the best duct size. of the MIC was the development of the Simple Calculators. This measures the amount of resistance in your duct as air moves through it. For instance, you can use 2018 (500x450mm) or 2614 (650x350mm) or 3812 (950x300mm) for 3000 cfm (5100 m3/h) of airflow. Bewerben Sie sich bei uns als freier Redakteur - als redax-networker - fr das Thema Multi-Media! D | Herndon, VA 20170, Phone: 703-464-6422 | Fax: 703-464-5896, 2023 Copyright National Insulation Association, NIA Certified Faced Insulation 404.1 2022, Understanding Mechanical Insulation Course, R-value from outdoors to ceiling cavity: 31.50, Temperature difference: (31.50/33.36)*(70 0) 66.1F, Ceiling cavity temperature (0F outdoors + calculated difference): 66.1F. WebR-Value is a measure of insulations ability to resist heat traveling through it. Input information may generally be WebTo calculate the duct area, you first need to have a duct length. We groom talented players with the right technical, tactical and mental skills to enable them to compete as professional players at the highest level in football anywhere. per 100 feet of duct, or 1 Pa. Clarify mathematic equations. However, non-professionals can use the round duct friction loss chart to calculate the round duct size and then, convert it into rectangular duct size if needed. Next, the rectangular duct ratio must not exceed 1:4. Wer sich registriert ist ein Profi. Sizing your HVAC ductwork is necessary for any HVAC installation or replacement project. Low friction loss reduces the fan cost but increases the duct cost. However, you can add an additional 1 (25mm) to each side just to have slightly more allowances but I would not suggest you go beyond that because you will have trouble sealing off the opening later. Youll see a model number. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. The developers of the table calculated the multidimensional heat flow to provide adjustment factors that eliminate the need for the weighted average calculation used for wood framing. Generally, we limit the air velocity at below 1500 fpm to control the noise level as the faster the air travels in the duct, the greater the noise. This calculator sizes heating systems only; it will not accurately size cooling systems. So, which size should you use? Thermal performance of steel-framed walls. For a detailed discussion and definition of emittance, Based upon the information WebBriefly explained how to calculate the duct are and the formulla's used for duct area calculation of various duct parts like offset duct, reducer duct, elbow duct, transition With a ductulator, all you have to do is mark the friction loss at 0.1 in.wg per 100 ft (0.816 Pa per meter) and then rotate your airflow until it aligns with the marked friction loss (blue color section). ?Simple Calculators? suggested you consult the respective manufacturer data sheet. Besides, there are also many mobile app duct sizers out there where you can download and use. For an indoor temperature of 68F and an outdoor temperature of 8F, the temperature at the interface between the batt and the foam will be 27F (effect of indoor and outdoor air films is omitted). Hence, most ducts are rectangular in shape. So, lets do an example. WebBy adding insulation of the proper thickness to the system, not only are you saving energy by preventing heat gains throughout the system, but also raising the surface temperature above the dew point (Figure 3). 2017 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. An insulating materials resistance to conductive heat flow is measured or rated in terms of its thermal resistance or R-value -- the higher the R-value, the greater the insulating effectiveness. a complex insulation system. WebThermaflex provides insulated flex duct with three different R-Values (4.2, 6.0, and 8.0). Enter average operating (process) temperature Line 3. In this case, adding insulation on top of the ceiling reduces the ceiling cavity temperature enough to cause concern. suche-profi.de Bereich? Q (BTU/hr) = U (overall heat transfer coefficient) value shown is 500 cfm; however, you should enter the expected/designed flow Hi, can anyone instruct me on how to calculate dehumidifier size we need for our building. The R-value of most insulations also depends on temperature, aging, and moisture accumulation. Enter the ambient temperature (the average temperature of the air surrounding the duct) Line 3. variables provided, the Results section displays the temperature rise (F) and In general, increased insulation thickness will proportionally increase the R-value. Properly sizing the ductwork in your home is essential to maintaining a comfortable temperature throughout every season. calculator does not screen for material temperature limitations. To insulate ducts, we need to select the type of duct insulation and determine the thickness of the duct insulation. Then, we need to measure the circumference of the duct, cut the insulation to the required length, apply adhesive to both the insulation and the duct and finally, wrap the insulation gently around the duct. The resulting design day heat loss for 1000 square feet of roof/ceiling assembly would drop from 2100 BTUH to 1260 BTUH. WebRebates up to $3,000. Nonetheless, you can use smaller duct sizes with a higher friction loss (more than 0.1 in.wg per 100 ft or 0.816 Pa per meter) if your fan has enough static head. Radiant barriersandreflective insulation systemswork by reducing radiant heat gain. Line 5. Reflective Insulation, Radiant Barriers and Radiation Control Coatings (2002). All Rights Reserved Design & Developed By:: RINJAcom, For enquary We can help:: +233 (0) 24-611-9999. Figure below shows a central heating furnace connected to supply and return air ductwork. He can be reached at 281-360-3438 or RonKingRLK@aol.com. Low friction loss is good for energy savings but itll result in much larger duct sizes which increases the overall cost of the ducts. were 0.0F and 35.0F, respectively. Understanding the units of R explains what the insulation community knows intuitively: as R-value increases, U and resulting heat transfer rate decrease. int (1) Calculate volume integral online Capital gains on sale of second home calculator. The TEL is the total length of all your ductwork runs, branches, and bends. values for each input are highlighted in a box after each prompt. Learn More. While there is still no risk of pipes freezing at 40F, the temperature is close enough for worry if the building goes into setback mode over a weekend. You can also access them through a link on NIAs website: www.insulation.org. He can be reached at ken@energyguys.com. is normally sized for flow velocities between 5 and 12 feet/second. We are doing some Heat flow is not always the only consideration. Ghosting or dirt deposits tend to occur where the local surface temperature is lower than the adjacent surfaces. Atlanta, GA.: ASHRAE, pp 27.5-27.6. Insulation systems are often Measure the diameter of the duct then divide it by 2 to get the radius. In most houses, air leaks add up to the equivalent of a fully open window. The, The default value is 120F; however, you should, The default box indicates in service oxidized, While the Simple Calculators may not address every insulation material, For both the novice and seasoned user, the MIDGlocated at, 516 Herndon Pkwy., Ste. How to read the results of The Ductwork Sizing Calculator: Key Factors for Calculating HVAC Ductwork Sizing, HVAC Ductwork The Complete Guide To Air Ducts In Your Home, The Correct Return Air Duct Size for 1-5 Ton Ac Unit (Calculator), How to Choose the Right Bathroom Exhaust Fan Size and CFM Rating, The round duct size gives the size in diameter. in question. We are doing some water management, mold mitigation, air sealing, insulation repairs to our church buildign which is an old concrete block gymnasium. Thermal bridges like steel studs that have no insulating value present a different problem. Many people tend to forget about insulations when coordinating ducts route, resulting in clashes between ducts and other services due to insufficient space. potential, and other benefits of mechanical insulation. Now that you understand the key factors to consider when sizing your ductwork, its time to put this information to use. 2.4F and 117.6F, respectively. The technique applies to any number of component layers in an assembly. The higher the R-Value the better the thermal performance of the insulation. Round ducts and rectangular ducts are sized differently. Ever since I switched to Daikin air conditioners, I love the quietness they provide. value is 75F; however, you should enter the average ambient temperature, WebDuct areas in square feet can be calculated by using geometry rules for round areas. For Imperial unit, lets say the duct length is 12 (1 ft), the duct area of the 40 by 4 Look on your furnace to see how many BTUs (British Thermal Unit) it produces. on every step of a project: from design, to selection, specification, We are doing some water management, mold mitigation, air sealing, insulation repairs to our church buildign which is an old concrete block gymnasium. Before beginning, read the product instructions and follow wherever they deviate from general duct insulation guidelines: Measure and cut your duct insulation a little large to allow overlap at every seam, both lengthwise and on the ends. For residential applications, the maximum velocity will rarely be above 1,500 FPM and the maximum friction rate should not exceed 0.1 in w.c./100 feet. To fully understand how to calculate duct size using the friction loss chart, Ill quickly brief you through how to read the ASHRAE duct friction loss chart. Consider 2 frame wall constructions with similar U-values: 26 studs with R-21 cavity insulation (assembly U=0.106) and 24 studs with R-11 cavity insulation and R3 continuous insulation outside the studs (assembly U=0.095). Enter the temperature of the air entering the duct, F: 120. WebThe British Thermal Unit, or BTU, is an energy unit. For example, the surface temperature of the 24 stud wall with 1/2 foam continuous insulation is: As was the case for the ceiling cavity and eave space temperatures, total Rvalue does not tell the whole story. So, the best way to save cost is to use duct sizes with the least amount of area which happens to be square-shaped ducts. Likewise, for cooling ducts will be in a warmer than anticipated environment with corresponding unwanted (and possibly unexpected) supply air temperature ride that reduces space cooling capacity. suggested you use 1 mph for indoor and 8 mph for outdoor applications. You can google it and many websites provide free downloads. (2100 1260) BTU/hr * 750 hours, The more important question is what would happen to the ceiling cavity temperature. informationincluding the convenient Simple Calculators, Linear footage pricing can be confusing for most homeowners. Enter relative humidity of the ambient air Line 5. Line 3. The effectiveness of an insulation materials resistance to heat flow also depends on how and where the insulation is installed. In der Summe aller Komponenten legen Sie bei Installing more insulation in your home increases the R-value and the resistance to heat flow. Now that you know how to read the chart, the following is a step-by-step process on how to calculate duct size using the duct friction loss chart: Air velocity usually is not a concern unless the airflow is approaching and exceeding 6000 cfm. Regardless of the mechanism, heat flows from warmer to cooler areas until there is no longer a temperature difference. The amount of insulation or R-value you'll need depends on your climate, type of heating and cooling system, and the part of the house you plan to insulate. Select Nominal Pipe Size, NPS Line 2. Sie ersparen sich zuknftig viel Zeit fr Angebote und haben stets mehr Zeit fr Ihren Kunden! With my experience, I want to help people solve their HVAC problems. Is Dependable your middle name? With R-21 insulation added to the ceiling, the assembly U-value (outdoors to occupied space) would drop from 0.030 to 0.018. You can think of it like trying to blow air through a straw. Dadurch knnen Informationen viel leichter die Zuschauer erreichen. While the Simple Calculators may not address every insulation material Welche Materialien lassen sich verarbeiten? The higher the friction rate, the more energy it takes for your system to move air through the ductwork. You can estimate how many BTUs you need for your home based on its square footage. We also participate in other affiliate programs which compensate us for referring traffic. Normally, engineers use simple software or a ductulator (provided by suppliers) to determine the size of a duct. However, you may use a greater duct ratio as long as your fan has sufficient static head. When calculating the R-value of a multilayered installation, add the R-values of the individual layers. Line 5. Use the following map to determine your climate zone and then the following tables to estimate the required R-values. Therefore, we keep the velocity at 1,500 FPM in our calculator. It can also predict surface temperatures and condensation risk and provide a tool to evaluate design alternatives. regularly updated to bring users the most current and complete Inch-pound ed. Now that you know how to calculate duct size manually. With these tools, you can ensure that your homes HVAC system operates at peak efficiency. The default Enter at least 2 values, then click Calculate. Note that the default When we mean one-stop, we mean everything. To understand how insulation works it helps to understand heat flow, which involves three basic mechanisms -- conduction, convection, and radiation. That lower supply air temperature might leave some occupied rooms short of heat. aluminium; however, you may use the drop-down box to select 1 of 11 For PE insulated ducts, you need to add mostly 3/8 (9mm) or more depending on the project specification. It is considered a low friction rate and will allow your system to operate efficiently. value is 35F; however, you should enter the actual temperature for the water Visit https://aircondlounge.com/shop to see all digital products sold on aircondlounge. WebMethodology for Estimated Energy Savings from Cost-Effective Air Sealing and Insulating. Duct sizing is not just about the airflow and velocity, there are a few more considerations when sizing ducts as follow: Generally, you want to keep the duct ratio not more than 1 to 4. part of the National Institute of Building Sciences MIDG, www.wbdg.org/midg. depending on the insulation products selected. Ceiling cavity temperature (0F outdoors + calculated difference): 40.6F. the duct. Fr den redaktionellen Aufbau unserer Webseiten suchen wir freie Redakteure, Consider a building with an insulated steel deck roof, a suspended ceiling, and ducted HVAC return, so the cavity above the ceiling is not a return air plenum. Welcome , we offer all our clients an individual approach and professional service Calculate the duct air flow, or q, using the formula: q = v x A. beim Kunden AIRCONDLOUNGE DOTCOM is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. An undersized duct can restrict airflow, leading to hot or cold spots in certain rooms. (cfm): 500. *Note: In the table above, CI stands for "continuous insulation" that is applied to the exterior of the wall assembly just inside the cladding. Most common insulation materials work by slowing conductive heat flow and convective heat flow. In this article, weve covered everything you need to know about how to size your ductwork. Are you a friendly go-getter with a passion for getting things done? Auf den nchsten Seiten erhalten Sie einige Informationen zum Thema Multi-Media! WebHow to Calculate Duct Airflow. Below are the best duct sizes with the smallest duct area and lowest duct height for various airflow based on 0.1 in.wg per 100 ft of friction loss (0.816 Pa per meter): You can compare the area of other duct sizes with the ones I included in the above table. Line 1. Kenneth M. Elovitz, PE, Esq., is an engineer (mechanical and electrical) and in-house counsel for Energy Economics, Inc. (www.energyguys.com), a consulting engineering firm in Foxboro, Massachusetts. link to Qatar World Cup Stadium Air Conditioning System, ASHRAE Duct Friction Loss Chart (IP & SI), Round to Rectangular Duct Conversion Chart, 5 Types of Insulations Used in Air Conditioning, https://aircondlounge.com/category/buyer-guide/. EPA estimates that homeowners can save an average of 15% on heating and cooling This is the fastest speed that air can travel through your ductwork without causing damage, loud noises, etc. It is particularly handy to provide the area The vertical lines on the duct friction loss chart is the airflow. Heat flow can also move indirectly through interior ceilings, walls, and floors--wherever there is a difference in temperature. After all, it was more than 7 years ago since I had my ductulator. The eave space is within the insulated envelope, so HVAC ducts and equipment can be insulated to the standards for equipment in conditioned space. WebHomeAdvisor's guide on the cost to replace ductwork covers air duct replacement, new duct installations, and includes a ductwork cost calculator. For round ducts, it is very straightforward. The air conditioning system in the eight football stadiums is one of the most discussed topics of the world cup ever since Qatar Hi, my name is Yu Chang Zhen. So, how do you find the perfect one with minimal effort? 2. Actions will be taken for unauthorised republication of this article. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/111848. WebInsulation selections are based on Kvalues from ASTM material standards. Control section.
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